Closed- circuit television - Wikipedia. Surveillance cameras on the corner of a building. Dome camera in a rail station. Closed- circuit television (CCTV), also known as video surveillance,[1][2] is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to point (P2.

P), point to multipoint (P2. MP), or mesh wired or wireless links. Though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as bars, banks, casinos, schools, hotels, airports, hospitals, restaurants, military installations, convenience stores and other areas where security is needed. Though Videotelephony is seldom called "CCTV" one exception is the use of video in distance education, where it is an important tool.[3][4]Surveillance of the public using CCTV is common in many areas around the world. In recent years, the use of body worn video cameras has been introduced as a new form of surveillance, often used in law enforcement, with cameras located on a police officer's chest or head.[5] Video surveillance has generated significant debate about balancing its use with individuals' right to privacy even when in public.[6][7]In industrial plants, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central control room, for example when the environment is not suitable for humans.

CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of CCTV, utilizing digital video recorders (DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as motion detection and email alerts). More recently, decentralized IP cameras, some equipped with megapixel sensors, support recording directly to network- attached storage devices, or internal flash for completely stand- alone operation.

There are about 3. About 6. 5% of these cameras are installed in Asia. The growth of CCTV has been slowing in recent years.[8]History[edit]. Closed circuit TV monitoring at the Central Police Control Station, Munich Germany in 1. Desk in one of the regional control- rooms of the National Police in the Netherlands in 2. CCTV control- room monitor wall for 1. The first CCTV system was installed by Siemens AG at Test Stand VII in Peenemünde, Nazi Germany in 1.

V- 2 rockets.[9] The noted German engineer Walter Bruch was responsible for the technological design and installation of the system.[1. In the U. S. the first commercial closed- circuit television system became available in 1. Vericon. Very little is known about Vericon except it was advertised as not requiring a government permit.[1. Technology[edit]The earliest video surveillance systems involved constant monitoring because there was no way to record and store information. The development of reel- to- reel media enabled the recording of surveillance footage. These systems required magnetic tapes to be changed manually, which was a time consuming, expensive and unreliable process, with the operator having to manually thread the tape from the tape reel through the recorder onto an empty take- up reel.

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Due to these shortcomings, video surveillance was not widespread. VCR technology became available in the 1. During the 1. 99.

This increased savings of time and money which then led to an increase in the use of CCTV.[1. Recently CCTV technology has been enhanced with a shift toward Internet- based products and systems, and other technological developments.[1.

Application[edit]In September 1. Olean, New York was the first city in the United States to install video cameras along its main business street in an effort to fight crime.[1. Another early appearance was in 1. Times Square in New York City.[1.

The NYPD installed it in order to deter crime that was occurring in the area; however, crime rates did not appear to drop much due to the cameras.[1. Nevertheless, during the 1.

It was seen as a cheaper way to deter crime compared to increasing the size of the police departments.[1. Some businesses as well, especially those that were prone to theft, began to use video surveillance.[1. From the mid- 1. 99. CCTV later became common in banks and stores to discourage theft, by recording evidence of criminal activity. In 1. 99. 8, 3,0. CCTV systems were in use in New York City.[1.

A study by Nieto in 2. United States had invested heavily in video surveillance technology to protect products and promote safe workplace and consumer environments. A nationwide survey of a wide variety of companies found that 7. CCTV surveillance.

In private sector CCTV surveillance technology is operated in a wide variety of establishments such as in industry/manufacturing, retailing, financial/insurance/banking, transportation and distribution, utilities/communications, health care, and hotels/motels. Experiments in the UK during the 1. CCTV in Bournemouth in 1. The first use by local government was in King's Lynn, Norfolk, in 1. These were deemed successful in the government report "CCTV: Looking Out For You", issued by the Home Office in 1. CCTV systems installed. Today, systems cover most town and city centres, and many stations, car- parks and estates.

Crime prevention[edit]. Sign warning that premises are watched by CCTV cameras. Watch The Reluctant Fundamentalist Online Metacritic. A 2. 00. 9 systematic review by researchers from Northeastern University and University of Cambridge used meta- analytic techniques to pool the average effect of CCTV on crime across 4.

The results indicated that. CCTV caused a significant reduction of crime by on average 1.

The largest effects of CCTV were found in car parks, where cameras reduced crime by on average 5. CCTV schemes in other public settings had small and non- statistically significant effects on crime: 7% reduction in city and town centers and 2. When sorted by country, systems in the United Kingdom accounted for the majority of the decrease; the drop in other areas was insignificant. The studies included in the meta- analysis used quasi- experimental evaluation designs that involve before- and- after measures of crime in experimental and control areas.[2. However, several researchers have pointed to methodological problems associated with this research literature. First, researchers have argued that the British car park studies included in the meta- analysis cannot accurately control for the fact that CCTV was introduced simultaneously with a range of other security- related measures.[2. Second, some have noted that, in many of the studies, there may be issues with selection bias since the introduction of CCTV was potentially endogenous to previous crime trends.[2.

In particular, the estimated effects may be biased if CCTV is introduced in response to crime trends.[2. It has been argued that problems of selection bias and endogeneity can be adressed by stronger research designs such as randomized controlled trials and natural experiments. A 2. 01. 7 review published in Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention compiles seven studies that use such research designs. The studies included in the review found that CCTV reduced crime by 2. It also found that CCTV could decrease unruly behaviour in football stadiums and theft in supermarkets/mass merchant stores. However, there was no evidence of CCTV having desirable effects in parking facilities or suburban subway stations.

Watch Dogs 2 Modders Hate The Game's Final Patch. Watch Dogs 2 got its final patch today, which makes impossible to use mods while online if you’re playing on PC. The game’s publisher, Ubisoft, says that this is to ensure fair online play, but the game’s small modding community is very frustrated. The 1. 1. 7 patch wasn’t announced as a modding blocker. The features rolled out in it include tweaks to the recently- added four- player party mode, as well as bug fixes for co- op. Shortly after it was released, some modders noticed and began to complain. If Watch Dogs 2 had been the blockbuster Ubisoft hoped it to be, that complaint might be loud, but instead it manifests as less noticeable venting on places like the increasingly barren Watch Dogs 2 subreddit.

There, loyalists who stuck with the game expressed their anger.“As of this morning, I found out that the latest update on PC killed modding,” Deebz__, an active and vocal Watch Dogs 2 modder, posted on the subreddit this morning. Any positivity from my original message has been rescinded.

Instead, I’ll just leave you with the list of a few issues in this utter mess of a game that you have failed to fix.” He listed a half dozen issues, including players on the opposite team being unmarked or marked as “friendly” during multiplayer modes and the game outright crashing when you shoot people. The Watch Dogs 2 modding community is small. The modding community of WD2 in particular consists of like 1. Kotaku over reddit. According to Steam Spy, the game currently reaches a maximum of about 1,0. Modders use the game to to fix graphical issues as well as a few bugs.

Deebz__’s favorite mod allows players to use the camera mode while in the helicopter. Deebz__ says he helped “pave the way” for modding Watch Dogs 2 and remembers multiplayer for the original Watch Dogs as being a “lawless wasteland,” with most players using mods to cheat. He says that he and his fellow modders use their mods ethically. Only a few of us know how to mod the game properly, and we’ve all agreed to use our knowledge ethically,” he told Kotaku over reddit direct messages. We only play online with mods that do not give us an advantage, and we never released anything that could be used to cheat.”According to those players, modding was a means to having a smoother gaming experience. Ubisoft, however, says modding has also at times hurt online play.“Though we appreciate that many in our community are very careful about not using mods while being online, this isn’t true of all players,” Kris Young, producer on Watch Dogs 2, told Kotaku over email.

In order to create a healthy and fair environment for all our players, we had to fix this problem. You can now still enjoy your favorite mods while playing offline and disabling the [Easy Anti- Cheat] system (though we can’t offer official support for this) or enjoy a more fair online experience when playing online with your friends.”Even knowing they can still use mods, this isn’t an acceptable solution for members of the modding community. The online modes are too much of a part of the game,” Deebz__ said.

Watch Dogs 2, like its predecessor, has passive online modes where other players can invade your game, as well as Pv. P multiplayer, all set in the game’s shared open world. Considering how few of us there are who actually do mod the game, and the fact that we do not release or even use any mods that give unfair advantages online, there really was no reason for this change in my opinion.”Deebz__ was an obvious person to talk to for coverage of Ubisoft’s mod- blocking patch, because Deebz__ has been visible in discussions about this game. He is the kind of outspoken gamer who uses the tools available to him to tell developers how they can improve their game. When he noticed a problem with the escape key being bound to too many functions in the game, he didn’t just complain about it on reddit, he typed out changes to the game’s code that he said would solve the issue and posted them for Ubi reps who monitor the game’s subreddit to see.“A Ubisoft representative told me that they would not fix this issue because it would allow players to skip scenes in the story that they were not supposed to skip, breaking the game in some cases,” he told Kotaku. He insists that his solution was totally fine. I can say this with absolute certainty, because I actually played through the entire story a second time after using this fix, and skipped just about everything I could in the process.”Deebz__’s problem now may be that Ubisoft says they can’t distinguish between mods that help players cheat and mods that don’t.

This solution was a compromise they had to make, Young told Kotaku. It’s a topic that has been on our minds since it was raised by community members who visited the studio well before the game launched,” Young said.

We’ve come back to it several times since, but with the nature of our seamless technology, it’s a tradeoff we had to make to maintain healthy and fair online play.”.