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Northeast blackout of 2. Wikipedia. This image shows states and provinces that experienced power outages. Not all areas within these political boundaries were affected.

The Northeast blackout of 2. Northeastern and Midwestern United States and the Canadian province of Ontario on Thursday, August 1.

EDT.[1]Some power was restored by 1. Most did not get their power back until two days later. In other areas it took nearly a week or two for power to be restored.[2] At the time, it was the world's second most widespread blackout in history, after the 1.

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Southern Brazil blackout.[3][4] The outage, which was much more widespread than the Northeast Blackout of 1. Ontario and 4. 5 million people in eight U. S. states. The blackout's primary cause was a programming error or "bug" in the alarm system at the control room of First. Energy Corporation, an Akron, Ohio- based company.

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The lack of an alarm left operators unaware of the need to re- distribute power after overloaded transmission lines hit unpruned foliage, triggering a "race condition" in the energy management system software, a bug affecting the order of operations in the system. What would have been a manageable local blackout cascaded into massive widespread distress on the electric grid.

Immediate impact[edit]According to the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) – the ISO responsible for managing the New York state power grid – a 3,5. Ontario) affected the transmission grid at 4: 1.

EDT.[5]For the next 3. EDT, outages were reported in parts of Ohio, New York, Michigan, and New Jersey: Cleveland, Akron, Toledo, New York City, Westchester, Orange and Rockland counties, Baltimore, Rochester, Syracuse, Binghamton, Albany, Detroit, and parts of New Jersey, including the city of Newark. This was followed by outages in other areas initially unaffected, including all of New York City, portions of southern New York state, New Jersey, Vermont, Connecticut, and Toronto, as well as most of the province of Ontario.[2] Eventually, a large, somewhat triangular area bounded by Lansing, Michigan, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, the shore of James Bay, Ottawa, New York, and Toledo was left without power. According to the official analysis of the blackout prepared by the US and Canadian governments, more than 5.

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In the minutes before the event, the NYISO- managed power system was carrying 2. MW of load. At the height of the outage, the load had dropped to 5,7.

MW, a loss of 8. 0%.[5]Essential services remained in operation in some of these areas. In others, backup generation systems failed. Telephone networks generally remained operational, but the increased demand triggered by the blackout left many circuits overloaded. Water systems in several cities lost pressure, forcing boil- water advisories to be put into effect. Cellular service was interrupted as mobile networks were overloaded with the increase in volume of calls. Major cellular providers continued to operate on standby generator power.[citation needed] Television and radio stations remained on the air, with the help of backup generators, although some stations were knocked off the air for periods ranging from several hours to the length of the entire blackout.[vague]It was a hot day (over 3.

C, or 8. 8 °F) in much of the affected region, and the heat played a role in the initial event that triggered the wider power outage. The high ambient temperature increased energy demand, as people across the region turned on fans and air conditioning.

This caused the power lines to sag as higher currents heated the lines. In areas where power remained off after nightfall, the Milky Way and orbiting artificial satellites became visible to the naked eye in metropolitan areas where they cannot ordinarily be seen due to the effects of particulate air pollution and light pollution.[6]Most of the Amtrak. Northeast Corridor service was interrupted, as it uses electric locomotives; electrified commuter railways also shut down.[2]Via Rail in Canada was able to continue most of its service.

The power outage's effects on international air transport and financial markets were widespread.[vague] The reliability of the electrical grid was called into question. Unaffected regions[edit]Within the area affected, about 2. Watch House Of Manson Online Hitfix. Niagara Peninsula of Ontario; the easternmost corner of Ontario (centered on Cornwall); the Buffalo, NY area, excluding southern Erie county, along the shore of Lake Huron via a feeder line to Owen Sound from Bruce Nuclear Generating Station. Three of the four Bruce B units were able to throttle back their output without a complete shutdown, then reconnect to the grid within five hours; the portion of New York state including parts of Albany and north and west of Albany; a small pocket of mid- east Michigan; the Upper Peninsula of Michigan; and small pockets in New Jersey. The unaffected area was protected by transmission circuit devices at the Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Generating Stations in Niagara Falls, (coincidentally, the starting point of the Northeast blackout of 1.

Cornwall, as well as central New York state. Philadelphia and the surrounding mid- Atlantic areas were also completely unaffected because PJM disconnected them.[5] The power plant[which?] in East China Township, Michigan, remained online for about 3. Background[edit]The load on any power network must be immediately matched by its supply and its ability to transmit that power. Any overload of a power line or generator can cause costly damage, so the affected device is disconnected from the network if an overload is detected. The electrical resistance of a power line causes it to produce more heat as the current it carries increases.

If this heat is not sufficiently dissipated, the metal conductor in the line may soften such that it sags under its own weight between supporting structures. If the line sags too low, a flash over to nearby objects (such as trees) may occur, causing a transient increase in current. Watch The Good Neighbor Download.

Automatic protective relays detect the excessively high current and quickly disconnect the line, with the load previously carried by the line transferred to other lines. If the other lines do not have enough spare capacity to accommodate the extra current, their overload protection will react as well, causing a cascading failure. System operators are responsible for ensuring that power supply and loads remain balanced, and for keeping the system within safe operational limits such that no single fault can cause the system to fail. After a failure affecting their system, operators must obtain more power from generators or other regions or "shed load" (meaning to intentionally cut power or reduce voltage to a given area) until they can be sure that the worst remaining possible failure anywhere in the system will not cause a system collapse. In an emergency, they are expected to immediately shed load as required to bring the system into balance.

To assist the operators there are computer systems, with backups, which issue alarms when there are faults in the transmission or generation system. Power flow modeling tools let them analyze the current state of their network, predict whether any parts of it may be overloaded, and predict the worst possible failure remaining, so that they can change the distribution of generation or reconfigure the transmission system to prevent a failure should this situation occur. If the computer systems and their backups fail, the operators are required to monitor the grid manually, instead of relying on computer alerts.

If they cannot interpret the current state of the power grid in such an event, they follow a contingency plan, contacting other plant and grid operators by telephone if necessary. If there is a failure, they are also required to notify adjacent areas which may be affected, so those can predict the possible effects on their own systems. Investigation efforts[edit]A joint federal task force was formed by the governments of Canada and the U.

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